Millions of sheep are transported across Europe annually, including long-distance journeys. Transport causes stress, injury, and mortality and is a significant welfare concern.
Transport is one of the most acutely stressful experiences for sheep. Loading and unloading, crowding, vibration, noise, and unfamiliar social groups all trigger fear responses. Long-distance journeys without adequate rest, food and water worsen suffering. Ventilation failures can cause heat stress. Deaths in transit are documented. The UK ban on live export for slaughter was a significant welfare improvement; campaigns for an EU-wide ban continue.