Donkeys and mules are working animals for millions of the world's poorest people. Their welfare is closely linked to the livelihoods of their owners and has unique challenges.
Working donkeys experience welfare problems that differ from those of farmed production animals. They are essential economic assets for their owners, which provides some protection, but also means they may be worked while injured or ill when their owners cannot afford time off. Harness sores, hoof problems, and overloading are common. Veterinary care is often inaccessible. The ejiao trade has increased demand for donkey skins, causing welfare problems including long-distance transport to slaughter. Programmes that improve harness fit and provide basic veterinary training for owners achieve significant welfare improvements at low cost.