Tilapia is one of the most farmed fish globally, with welfare challenges from intensive production in tropical developing countries.
Tilapia welfare in intensive systems is affected by stocking density, water quality, and handling practices. While tilapia are more tolerant of crowding than salmonids, welfare is still compromised at high densities. Provision of appropriate water quality, adequate oxygen, and moderate stocking density is feasible and improves both welfare and productivity in tilapia aquaculture.