Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of heat events affecting livestock globally, creating significant welfare problems and economic losses that require proactive farm management strategies.
Heat stress causes cattle to reduce feed intake, drop milk production, and redirect resources to thermal regulation at the expense of growth and reproduction. In severe cases it causes panting, increased respiration rate, and death. Heat stress during pregnancy affects calf development and immunity. Poultry are at particular risk because their high metabolic rate and insulating feathers limit heat dissipation, and mortality events during hot weather can be catastrophic in commercial broiler sheds. Proactive management including shade, ventilation, sprinklers, and cool water is essential.