Targeted nest protection measures including electric fencing of lapwing nest clusters and wader scrapes can significantly improve breeding success on farmland and nature reserves.
Lapwing chicks predated by foxes, corvids or stoats experience acute fear and pain. Adults defending nests against predators perform extensive and energetically costly distraction displays. Failed nesting attempts require repeat clutch laying that depletes adult condition. Targeted predator management and habitat improvement directly prevent individual suffering during the breeding season.