The proportion of laying hens that actually use outdoor access in free-range systems varies significantly depending on range design, breed, and management, affecting the welfare value of the free-range label.
Free-range range utilisation welfare is a critical question because the welfare value of outdoor access depends on whether animals actually use it. A legally compliant free-range system where the majority of hens never venture outdoors provides limited welfare benefit. Range design matters enormously: trees and shrubs provide overhead cover reducing predator anxiety; diverse vegetation provides foraging opportunity. Welfare-certified systems requiring evidence-based range design deliver substantially better welfare outcomes than minimum-standard free-range.