Trap-neuter-return (TNR) for feral cat colonies is the most welfare-positive and effective approach to managing feral cat populations, but requires consistent, dedicated management.
TNR welfare evidence is consistent: colonies managed through TNR with regular feeding and veterinary care have lower disease burden, fewer injuries from fighting, and better body condition than unmanaged feral populations. Lethal control imposes immediate welfare cost (death) without reducing population long-term. The welfare comparison is therefore TNR's moderate ongoing management cost versus lethal control's higher welfare cost without population benefit. The resource commitment for effective TNR is significant, which is why dedicated colony carers are essential to welfare outcomes.