Wildlife Conservation

American Bison Conservation and Welfare

American bison once roamed North America in tens of millions; today managed herds face unique welfare and genetic challenges.

Key Facts

Bison numbered 30-60 million before European settlement; reduced to under 1,000 by 1889
Two subspecies exist: plains bison and the smaller wood bison of Canada
Modern conservation herds total roughly 31,000 genetically pure animals
Bison are highly social and can live 20-25 years in wild conditions
Yellowstone maintains the largest wild population of about 5,000 animals

Welfare Considerations

Bison in managed herds sometimes experience stress from handling, fencing, and reduced ranging opportunities. Genetic bottleneck effects and hybridization with cattle are ongoing conservation concerns. Animals subjected to round-ups for brucellosis testing or culling can experience acute stress. The best welfare outcomes occur in large unfenced landscapes where social herds can self-regulate.

What You Can Do

Support organizations working to expand bison range on public and tribal lands
Advocate for science-based brucellosis management that minimizes lethal culling
Choose bison products from certified humane and low-stress handling ranches
Learn about Indigenous-led bison restoration programs and their holistic approaches
Donate to genetic conservation programs preserving pure bison lineages