Elk are being reintroduced to parts of western Europe from which they were historically eliminated, with welfare implications for translocated animals and host ecosystems.
Elk translocated for reintroduction programs undergo capture stress from darting or drive trapping, transport in unfamiliar vehicles, and release into novel territories. Post-release mortality is elevated as animals establish home ranges in unfamiliar landscapes with different predator communities. Social disruption from translocation separates established family groups. Long-term welfare depends on the quality and extent of available habitat and the presence of adequate browse species. Reintroduction planning that includes welfare monitoring protocols produces better outcomes for individual animals.