How much space animals need during transport is governed by regulations, but science suggests current minimum allowances are often inadequate for animal welfare.
Transport space allowances are an area where regulations lag behind welfare science. Preference tests show animals actively seek more space than legally mandated minimums. Crowded transport suppresses thermoregulation, increases aggression risk, prevents postural adjustment, and causes elevated cortisol responses. Journey duration compounds space-related stress. Welfare-positive transport includes pre-journey rest, journey time limits, and space allowances above legal minimums.