In most dairy systems, calves are separated from their mothers within hours of birth to allow milk collection. Both cow and calf show clear signs of distress that can last for days or weeks.
The mutual bond between cow and calf is a mammalian adaptation with clear physiological and behavioural underpinnings. Separation within hours prevents bonding but may be less acutely distressing; separation after several days causes grief-like responses in both animals. Vocalisation, reduced feeding, weight loss, and increased cortisol in both animals are documented. Cow-calf contact systems offer a welfare-positive alternative but require significant management changes.