Proboscis monkeys are unique to Borneo and face habitat loss from deforestation for palm oil and timber, with declining populations along Bornean rivers.
Proboscis monkeys in degraded habitats without adequate mangrove and riverine forest face nutritional stress from reduced leaf food sources. Animals attempting to cross rivers during habitat fragmentation face drowning risk. Hunting for bushmeat and traditional medicine causes acute mortality. Mangrove clearance for aquaculture and coastal development eliminates entire habitats that groups have occupied for generations. Habitat fragmentation isolates social groups reducing genetic diversity and increasing inbreeding stress in small isolated populations.