The free-range label on eggs and chicken is widely understood to indicate significantly better welfare, but meaningful differences in animal experience depend on stocking density, range quality, and management.
Free-range systems offer genuine welfare benefits compared to caged systems, including opportunities for dust bathing, foraging, and natural behavior. However, welfare outcomes within free-range systems vary enormously. High indoor stocking densities of up to 9 birds per m2 are permitted in EU free-range systems. Range use is heavily influenced by range quality: hens venture further from the house when shade cover and insect-rich vegetation are available. Pecking order dynamics mean subordinate birds may not access the range. Mortality from predation is higher in range access systems. The difference between standard free-range and higher-welfare certified free-range systems is significant. RSPCA Assured free-range requires lower stocking densities, enrichment, and specific management practices that improve welfare outcomes.