Mute swans face ongoing welfare threats from lead fishing weights, fishing line entanglement, and vandalism, requiring continued advocacy and monitoring.
Mute swans are large, highly visible waterbirds whose welfare challenges are well documented. Pre-ban lead fishing weight ingestion caused epidemic lead poisoning with neurological symptoms including head tremors, lethargy, and death over weeks. The 1987 ban dramatically reduced mortality. Remaining welfare threats include entanglement in monofilament fishing line causing wing and leg injuries, hook ingestion, and collision with overhead powerlines. Vandalism including stone throwing and nest destruction occurs in urban areas. Cygnets face predation from dogs and foxes. Individual swans in rehabilitated condition can be released but swans that have lost their pair bond face social challenges. Swans live for 20+ years and experience complex pair and family relationships.