Selective dog breeding for extreme appearance traits has created welfare crises in multiple breeds, with brachycephalic syndrome, joint disease, and neurological problems affecting millions of dogs.
Dog breeding for appearance has created an epidemic of inherited welfare problems. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome causes chronic hypoxia, sleep apnea, regurgitation, exercise intolerance, and distress. Many affected dogs cannot breathe normally without surgical intervention. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels suffer from Chiari malformation and syringomyelia causing severe neuropathic pain. German Shepherds have high rates of degenerative myelopathy and hip dysplasia. Dachshunds suffer intervertebral disc disease at very high rates due to their elongated spinal proportions. The veterinary profession, kennel clubs, and regulatory bodies are under increasing pressure to reform breed standards to prioritize health. Health testing before breeding and selecting against extreme traits are essential welfare improvements.