Gestation crates confine pregnant sows in spaces so small they cannot turn around, causing chronic physical and psychological suffering that has led to bans in multiple countries and US states.
Gestation crates cause multiple severe welfare harms. Physical confinement prevents pigs from turning around, lying comfortably, or performing any natural behavior for their entire 16-week pregnancy. Chronic pressure sores develop on confined limbs. Stereotypic behaviors including bar-biting and head-weaving indicate severe psychological stress. Bone density and muscle mass decrease from inability to move. Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in crated sows. Group housing alternatives allow social interaction and limited movement, significantly improving welfare. The transition requires management changes but is feasible at the scale required. Farrowing crates, which confine sows around the time of birth, are a separate and ongoing welfare debate.