Allowing cats outdoor access provides enrichment but exposes them to significant welfare risks that can be mitigated.
The debate about indoor versus outdoor cats involves genuine welfare trade-offs. Outdoor cats have richer environmental stimulation, more exercise, and opportunities to express natural behaviours including hunting. Indoor cats live longer and face fewer injury and disease risks but may become obese, bored, or frustrated. Catio enclosures, leash training, and traffic-safe garden enclosures represent middle-ground solutions that provide enrichment with reduced risk.