Environmental enrichment for zoo animals has developed into a rigorous science with evidence-based protocols for hundreds of species.
Zoo enrichment has moved from ad hoc provision of interesting objects to evidence-based programmes designed around species-specific ethograms — detailed records of wild behavioural repertoires. Effective enrichment enables animals to perform the full range of behaviours they are motivated to express in the wild. Assessment of enrichment success uses behavioural monitoring — does the animal engage with it, does it reduce stereotypies, does it diversify behaviour? Continuous monitoring and adaptation is required for sustained welfare benefit.