Wolf recovery and livestock farming can coexist with the right tools; evidence-based coexistence approaches significantly reduce conflict and retaliatory killing.
Wolves killed in retaliation for livestock losses often die from shooting, poisoning, or snaring, all of which cause suffering. Livestock killed by wolves experience fear and violent predatory attack. Both forms of harm are reduced by effective coexistence tools. The evidence that non-lethal tools work better than lethal control for reducing conflict is robust. The challenge is scaling implementation and providing economic support to farmers who adopt welfare-improving practices.