Modern dairy cows are culled at a fraction of their natural lifespan due to production-related health problems.
The shortened lifespan of dairy cows reflects a chronic welfare failure rooted in genetics and management. Selection for extreme milk production has produced cows in negative energy balance for months after calving — their bodies metabolize tissue to sustain milk output. This systemic metabolic stress predisposes to mastitis, liver disease, ketosis, and displaced abomasum. Lameness causes constant pain and is frequently undertreated. Hoof trimming performed as treatment rather than prevention allows disease to become established and painful. Cows with good body condition, appropriate transition nutrition, good flooring, and access to pasture live longer and suffer less.