Commercial turkeys have been selectively bred to the point where they cannot reproduce naturally and suffer serious health problems. Welfare reform requires both husbandry and breeding changes.
Commercial turkey production involves welfare problems that begin at the breeding level. Selective pressure for extreme breast muscle development has created birds so top-heavy that natural mating is impossible. All commercial turkeys are produced through artificial insemination, a process requiring multiple weekly handling events that cause significant stress. The birds themselves suffer from foot problems, breast blisters, and cardiovascular issues related to their altered anatomy. Welfare improvements require breeding selection toward more proportionate birds, enriched housing with appropriate substrates, and reduced stocking densities. Heritage and slower-growing breeds offer significantly better welfare outcomes and are available from some specialty producers.