Creating diverse pollinator habitat supports bees, butterflies, and hoverflies whose population declines represent welfare crises for billions of individuals.
Pollinators dying from starvation in landscapes without adequate floral resources experience real welfare costs at individual level. Bees with insufficient food reduce colony size, and starving individuals show reduced foraging efficiency before death. The massive scale of pollinator decline means individual welfare costs multiply to enormous total harm. Habitat creation is among the most cost-effective welfare interventions per animal.