Ammonia and particulate matter in intensive livestock facilities harm both animal welfare and the health of farm workers, with downstream effects on neighboring communities.
High ammonia in poorly ventilated poultry and pig barns causes continuous low-grade suffering through mucous membrane irritation, eye damage, and respiratory inflammation. This harm is invisible and chronic rather than acute, making it easy to overlook in welfare assessments. Improved ventilation and lower stocking density would reduce harm significantly.