Modern zoos claim conservation mandates, but evidence of their impact is mixed and welfare costs can be high.
Zoos occupy a complex position in animal welfare. While some institutions do important conservation and research work, many animals — particularly wide-ranging species like elephants, big cats, and polar bears — struggle to thrive in captive settings. Stereotypic behaviors such as repetitive pacing or swaying indicate chronic stress and inadequate enrichment. As public attitudes evolve, zoos face increasing pressure to justify their model with demonstrated welfare and conservation outcomes.