Outdoor farrowing systems provide sow welfare benefits but require careful design for piglet welfare.
Outdoor farrowing allows natural nesting behavior that indoor systems deny. Sows in outdoor systems build nests, move freely, and express maternal behaviors more naturally. The welfare trade-off involves piglet welfare: outdoor piglets face weather extremes and higher crushing risk. Well-designed outdoor systems with appropriate shelter and bedding material achieve good welfare for both sow and piglets. Climate suitability and skilled management are essential for outdoor farrowing welfare success.