Cattle, pigs, sheep, and other hoofed livestock experience significant welfare compromise during transport, with regulatory standards often failing to prevent suffering.
Transport welfare for hoofed stock is determined by species biology, journey duration, vehicle design, driver training, and loading/unloading management. Pigs mixed with unfamiliar individuals fight throughout the journey. Cattle in unfamiliar groups bunt and horn each other. Species-appropriate vehicle design, familiar groups, good driving practice, and appropriate stocking density can each significantly reduce welfare harm — but require investment and regulation to achieve.