The finishing phase of beef production — the final months before slaughter — has significant welfare implications determined by feed, housing, and management.
The finishing environment profoundly affects the welfare of beef cattle in their final months of life. High-grain feedlot diets cause metabolic stress and acidosis risk. Concrete or compacted earth pen surfaces cause hoof problems and discomfort. The behavioral restriction of feedlot confinement prevents natural grazing, exploration, and social behavior. Pasture-finishing systems that allow cattle to maintain natural behavior patterns while building finishing condition represent the higher welfare end of the spectrum.