Farrowing crates confine sows during birth and lactation to prevent piglet crushing. The welfare trade-offs between sow and piglet are the subject of active research and debate.
Farrowing crate welfare involves genuine trade-offs unlike most farm animal welfare debates where the solution is simply better practice. Sow welfare is severely compromised by prolonged confinement. Piglet welfare is protected from crushing but at the cost of natural nursing behavior and maternal interaction. Alternative systems that preserve sow freedom while reducing crushing through design — angled walls, softer flooring, better layout — show that the trade-off can be substantially reduced with investment. The persistence of crates reflects industry preference for easy management rather than scientific evidence that no alternative works. Progressive jurisdictions that have required free farrowing have demonstrated that welfare-compatible alternatives are commercially viable.