Dolphins in captivity face profound welfare challenges. The evidence base on captive dolphin welfare has grown substantially, informing public and policy debates about marine parks and swim-with-dolphin programs.
The welfare case against dolphin captivity centers on the profound mismatch between captive conditions and wild dolphin needs. Dolphins need large ranges, natural social structures, diverse stimulation, and freedom from performance requirements. Captive environments cannot approximate these needs. While individual dolphins may adapt, adaptation does not equate to welfare — animals can be profoundly deprived while appearing calm. The growth of dolphin sanctuaries providing large sea pens represents a welfare improvement over tank-based facilities.