Channel catfish and pangasius are among the most farmed fish globally, with welfare concerns around stocking density, water quality, and slaughter methods.
Catfish are sentient vertebrates capable of experiencing pain and stress. In intensive aquaculture, chronic crowding elevates cortisol and suppresses immune function. Harvest by seining and crowding causes acute stress and injury. The absence of mandatory stunning before slaughter means many catfish are processed while conscious. Water quality management is critical: ammonia and low oxygen cause prolonged suffering. Welfare certification schemes for catfish remain rare, leaving most fish outside any welfare standard.