European sea bass and gilt-head sea bream are produced intensively in sea cages across the Mediterranean, with significant welfare implications throughout the production cycle.
Sea bass and bream are active, relatively large-brained fish that suffer markedly under cage conditions. Sea lice infestations cause lesions equivalent to severe burns across the body surface. Treatment via freshwater baths or mechanical cleaning provides temporary relief but inflicts acute stress. Slaughter by asphyxiation on ice is widely used despite evidence of prolonged consciousness. The rapid expansion of Mediterranean aquaculture has outpaced welfare regulation, leaving most fish in conditions incompatible with good welfare outcomes. European certification can raise standards but uptake remains limited.