Dressage is one of equestrian sport's most prestigious disciplines, but practices like hyperflexion and aggressive use of spurs raise significant animal welfare concerns.
Dressage at its best showcases the willing partnership between horse and rider. At its worst, competitive pressure drives training methods that coerce rather than invite cooperation. Hyperflexion causes documented physiological stress and restricts breathing. Aggressive use of bits and spurs can cause pain and fear. The welfare of dressage horses depends heavily on the ethics and skill of individual trainers, and competitive incentives can override concern for the horse's wellbeing.