Commercial duck production raises significant welfare concerns around access to water, housing density, beak trimming, and slaughter, with welfare standards varying enormously across countries.
Ducks present a clear example of a mismatch between species-specific needs and commercial housing systems. As semi-aquatic birds, water is not merely a preference but a fundamental need linked to sensory health, thermoregulation, and natural behaviour. Systems that deny access to open water cause chronic frustration and prevent normal preening behaviours that maintain feather insulation. The UK has seen welfare certification schemes drive significant industry improvement, with RSPCA Assured standards requiring water baths. Consumer choice of higher-welfare duck products, combined with retailer commitments, has proven an effective lever for change in this sector.