Cubicle housing is the dominant indoor system for dairy cows globally. How it is designed and managed profoundly affects cow health, comfort, and natural behaviour.
Cubicle housing can meet or fail cattle welfare needs depending on design. Cows need sufficient space to rise and lie without hitting barriers, soft dry bedding, good airflow, and access to roughage. Overstocking, hard concrete floors, and inadequate ventilation are major welfare risks. Systems that allow access to pasture for part of the year show welfare benefits including reduced lameness and improved hoof health. Enrichment such as brushes and good lighting also matters for housed cattle wellbeing.