Heat stress is a growing welfare concern for cattle globally as temperatures rise. Understanding its impacts and implementing mitigation measures is increasingly critical for both animal welfare and productivity.
Heat stress in cattle causes panting, reduced feed intake, increased water consumption, and if severe, hyperthermia with potentially fatal outcomes. Chronic sub-acute heat stress that falls below the threshold for visible distress still significantly impairs immune function, reproductive success, and calf health. Dairy cows are particularly vulnerable because high milk production generates substantial metabolic heat. Beef cattle on pasture in hot climates benefit critically from shade and water access. As global temperatures rise, heat stress mitigation is transitioning from a performance management issue to a core animal welfare obligation. Building design, breed selection, feeding schedule adjustment, and cooling system installation are all important management tools.