Aquaculture certification schemes attempt to set minimum standards for the production of farmed fish and shellfish. Understanding what these schemes cover — and what they miss — helps consumers make informed choices.
Aquaculture certification has made progress on environmental sustainability but has historically lagged on animal welfare. Most global schemes focus primarily on feed sourcing, disease chemical use, and environmental footprint rather than on fish experience of pain, stress, and behavioural needs. The result is that certified farmed fish may still be subjected to stressful handling, crowding, painful procedures without anaesthesia, and inhumane slaughter. Higher-welfare certification schemes like RSPCA Assured in the UK include stocking density limits, enrichment requirements, and humane slaughter criteria that better reflect the welfare needs of sentient fish. Consumers who prioritise fish welfare should look beyond basic environmental certifications to schemes with specific welfare criteria.