Welfare considerations for endangered amphibians held in ex situ conservation programs, including captive care standards and reintroduction protocols.
Ex situ conservation programs for endangered amphibians serve a critical purpose but must not treat individual animal welfare as secondary to population preservation goals. Captive amphibians experience the full range of welfare needs — appropriate environment, nutrition, social structure, and freedom from unnecessary suffering. Programs that fail to meet these needs produce stressed, immunocompromised animals with poor survival prospects after reintroduction. High welfare captive care and conservation success are complementary, not competing, objectives.