Goats are among the most numerous livestock species globally yet receive far less welfare attention than cattle and sheep. Their behavioural needs and the conditions of their production deserve greater scrutiny.
Goats are cognitively active animals that express strong motivation to explore, climb, and interact with complex environments. Indoor housing without enrichment, climbing structures, and social stability causes chronic frustration and stereotypic behaviour. Dairy goat welfare parallels dairy cattle welfare in many respects: kid separation, high production demands, and short productive life are systemic issues. Extensive grazing systems with shelter access and stable social groups represent the welfare-preferred model. Consumer interest in goat dairy and meat products could be channelled into welfare improvement through certification.