Non-human primates used in biomedical research have some of the most complex welfare needs of any laboratory animal, demanding comprehensive enrichment programmes to prevent severe psychological suffering.
Non-human primates used in research carry the greatest cognitive complexity of any commonly used laboratory animal and therefore experience the greatest potential for psychological suffering when their needs are unmet. Enrichment for primates is not optional or supplementary — it is a welfare necessity. The combination of social housing, foraging enrichment, structural complexity, sensory variety and positive human interaction can substantially reduce suffering, though the inherent limitations of laboratory environments mean welfare compromise remains even in the best-managed facilities. This reality reinforces the urgency of developing replacement alternatives that remove primates from research entirely.