For free-range hens, the quality of outdoor range — not just its existence — determines whether it meaningfully improves welfare and natural behavior expression.
The gap between free-range labeling and genuine outdoor welfare benefit is substantial. A hen that never leaves the shed due to poor range design receives none of the welfare benefits that free-range is meant to provide. Range quality — including cover from predators, shade, perches, and vegetation — is as important as the legal requirement for access. Consumers, certification bodies, and regulators should focus on range quality metrics and hen range-use rates rather than simply verifying that a door exists.