Amphibians including frogs and salamanders are widely used in research but face significant welfare gaps due to limited species-specific knowledge.
Amphibian welfare in laboratory settings has historically received less attention than mammalian welfare. Their ectothermic physiology means temperature fluctuations cause significant physiological stress. Water quality issues cause chronic osmotic and chemical stress. Pain recognition and management are less developed than for mammals, meaning invasive procedures may be performed without adequate analgesia. The 3Rs framework applies but species-specific refinements are less well developed. Recent research has significantly improved understanding of amphibian pain and stress, leading to better welfare standards in leading institutions.