Non-human primates used in research are highly intelligent and social animals whose psychological needs are rarely fully met in laboratory settings. Improving psychological welfare is both an ethical and scientific priority.
Non-human primates in laboratory settings experience forms of psychological suffering that are qualitatively similar to those that would concern us deeply in humans. Social isolation for an inherently social primate causes depression-like states. Inability to control one environment causes chronic stress. Repeated aversive procedures without understanding or consent cause fear and anticipatory anxiety. The regulatory frameworks that recognize primate cognitive complexity have led to meaningful welfare improvements, but implementation is uneven and often falls short of meeting the full psychological needs of these animals. Reducing primate use through replacement with alternative methods and improving conditions where primates remain in use are parallel and equally important goals.