Commercial turkeys have been selectively bred for rapid growth and large breast muscles, creating severe welfare problems. Understanding these issues helps drive reform in the turkey industry.
The welfare crisis in commercial turkey production stems fundamentally from breed selection that prioritizes growth rate and breast meat yield over physical health and natural function. Turkeys bred to be unable to reproduce naturally or support their own weight without leg problems spend their entire lives in physiological discomfort. The parallels with fast-growing broiler chickens are direct and the welfare science equally clear. Heritage and slower-growing breeds suffer far fewer health problems and can engage in natural behaviors. Consumer demand for large breast portions drives the selective breeding that causes suffering, meaning dietary choices have direct leverage on turkey welfare outcomes.