Gestation crates confine pregnant sows in spaces too small to turn around. The welfare case against this practice is overwhelming and bans are spreading, but global adoption remains incomplete.
Gestation crate confinement is widely regarded by animal welfare scientists as one of the most severe forms of routine farm animal suffering. Sows confined for weeks to months in spaces preventing them from turning cannot perform fundamental behaviours including foraging, exploration, social interaction, and postural adjustment. The resulting frustration manifests as repetitive bar-biting stereotypies — a welfare indicator of severe deprivation. Physical deterioration from lack of movement causes muscle weakness and cardiovascular problems. The welfare case against gestation crates is not contested in the scientific literature; the debate is purely about transition timelines and economics. Retailer and consumer pressure has driven more industry reform than legislation in many jurisdictions. Transition to well-managed group housing is achievable.