Farrowing crates confine sows during birth and lactation but cause significant welfare harms, prompting development of alternative systems that balance sow welfare with piglet safety.
Farrowing crate confinement prevents nest-building, a highly motivated behaviour in pre-parturient sows. The inability to express this behaviour causes measurable frustration and chronic stress. Crate confinement for 3-4 weeks also prevents normal movement, social interaction, and postural changes causing musculoskeletal discomfort. Welfare-designed loose-housing systems can protect piglets while allowing sows to express natural behaviours. The transition requires higher capital investment and stockperson skill but represents a significant welfare improvement for millions of sows annually.