Male dairy calves have historically been regarded as a byproduct of milk production, with many killed at birth. Welfare reform is transforming how the industry treats these animals.
The mass killing of healthy male dairy calves at birth represents a profound welfare failure that follows directly from the structural economics of dairy production. Even where on-farm killing is now rare, the welfare of dairy bull calves in subsequent systems varies enormously. Transport of young calves is a major welfare risk — early separation from the dam, long-distance journeys, and the stress of unfamiliar handling all cause distress. Veal systems in some countries still confine calves in individual stalls with restricted movement and inadequate fibre — conditions that frustrate fundamental behavioural needs. Consumer education and labelling that distinguishes high-welfare from low-welfare veal is essential for market-based improvement.