Chimpanzees are among the cognitively complex animals kept in zoos and have some of the most demanding welfare requirements. Social group composition and exhibit design are critical determinants of chimpanzee welfare.
Chimpanzee welfare in zoos has improved substantially as understanding of their cognitive and social needs has grown. The shift from solitary exhibition animals to socially housed groups in complex environments represents meaningful progress. However, the fundamental challenge remains — chimpanzees are animals with human-like social and emotional complexity whose needs are difficult to fully meet in captivity. The growing movement toward sanctuary retirement for former research and zoo chimpanzees reflects recognition that welfare-centered care may require moving beyond public exhibition.