Ducks are semi-aquatic birds with strong behavioral drives to immerse themselves in water, yet most commercial duck operations deny them meaningful water access. This creates significant welfare deficits.
Water denial is the defining welfare failure in commercial duck production. Ducks are behaviorally and physiologically adapted for a semi-aquatic life — their preening, thermoregulation, foraging, and social behaviors all center on water access. Ducks kept in conventional facilities without water immersion access show persistent motivation to access water (measured by operant testing), compromised feather condition, higher rates of eye and respiratory problems, and increased fearfulness. The motivation for water is not merely a preference — it reflects a deep biological need.