While cage-free barn systems eliminate the severe space restriction of battery cages, they introduce distinct welfare challenges including elevated disease transmission, air quality problems, and pecking injuries that require careful management.
The transition from conventional battery cages to cage-free barn systems represents a meaningful welfare improvement in eliminating the extreme confinement that prevents hens from spreading their wings or turning around. However, cage-free systems introduce distinct welfare challenges that require active management to deliver the welfare gains they promise. High stocking densities, inadequate perch availability, poor litter management, and insufficient ventilation can create cage-free conditions where welfare outcomes are worse than well-managed enriched cage systems for some indicators. The welfare potential of cage-free barns is realized only when combined with appropriate stocking densities, adequate perching infrastructure, high-quality litter that supports dustbathing, and effective air quality management. Welfare assessment should use behavioral and health outcome measures rather than relying solely on the cage-free label.