Pygmy hippos are Critically Endangered semi-aquatic mammals native to West African forests. Far smaller and more secretive than common hippos, their welfare needs in zoo settings differ substantially and require careful attention to their nocturnal, solitary nature.
Pygmy hippos in zoo settings require access to water for wallowing and swimming, dense vegetation providing visual shelter, and quiet areas allowing expression of their naturally secretive behaviour. Their nocturnal nature means daytime exhibits may show relatively inactive animals unless nocturnal house facilities are provided. Social management is complex: they are less social than common hippos and may be housed individually or in compatible pairs. Their high conservation value justifies the welfare investment required for quality facilities. Zoo-based breeding programs are currently the most active conservation tool for this species given the difficulty of field conservation in unstable range-country environments.